Anemic

Anemic is the adjective used to describe a person who has anemia, a medical condition in which the blood has a reduced capacity to carry oxygen. This typically results from a low red blood cell count or low levels of hemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells. Anemia is not a disease in itself but a sign of an underlying problem.

The causes of anemia are diverse. Iron deficiency is the most common form worldwide and can result from poor intake, blood loss, or impaired absorption. Other common causes include chronic diseases such as kidney disease or inflammatory conditions, vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, bone marrow disorders, and hemolytic conditions that destroy red blood cells. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell disease can also produce anemia. Pregnancy, certain medications, and exposure to toxins may contribute as well.

Symptoms vary with the severity and rate of onset but often include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, dizziness, and rapid or irregular heartbeat. More severe anemia can cause chest pain or fainting.

Diagnosis relies on a complete blood count showing low hemoglobin and hematocrit, with additional testing to determine the underlying cause. This may include iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate levels, reticulocyte count, and tests for kidney function or inflammatory markers.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include dietary changes, iron, vitamin B12, or folate supplementation, medications to address chronic diseases, blood transfusions in severe cases, or therapies to stimulate red blood cell production. Prognosis depends on the cause and response to treatment.