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Hacktivism refers to the practice of using computer hacking techniques to promote a political or social cause. The term is a blend of "hack" and "activism," and those who engage in hacktivism are known as hacktivists. Unlike traditional hackers, who may focus on exploiting vulnerabilities for personal gain or malicious purposes, hacktivists often seek to raise awareness, challenge authority, or disrupt systems they perceive as unjust or oppressive.

Hacktivist activities can range from defacing websites to leak sensitive information, often with the goal of exposing corruption, censorship, or human rights abuses. Some groups use distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks to temporarily disable websites, while others employ encryption tools to protect whistleblowers or journalists from surveillance. The motivations behind hacktivism vary widely, from supporting democratic movements to protesting corporate or government policies.

Notable hacktivist groups include Anonymous, which gained prominence for its decentralized, high-profile operations against entities like the Church of Scientology, WikiLeaks, and authoritarian regimes. Other groups, such as LulzSec and AntiSec, have also been associated with hacktivist activities, though their methods and targets have sometimes sparked debate over the ethics and legality of their actions.

Hacktivism operates in a legal gray area, as many of its tactics—such as unauthorized access to systems or data breaches—are illegal under cybersecurity laws. Governments and organizations often respond with legal actions, surveillance, or counter-hacking efforts. Critics argue that hacktivism can cause unintended harm, such as exposing innocent individuals or destabilizing infrastructure, while supporters contend that it provides a necessary counterbalance to powerful institutions.

The impact of hacktivism remains a subject of discussion, with some cases leading to policy changes, increased public awareness, or even legal consequences for targeted entities. While hacktivism continues to evolve alongside digital technology, its role in modern activism reflects broader debates about free speech, cybersecurity, and the ethical use of digital tools.