gumka

Gumka is the Polish term for an eraser, the tool used to remove pencil marks from paper. In everyday usage, gumka refers to a small rubber or plastic eraser, though longer phrases such as gumka do mazania or gumka do ścierania are also common. The word derives from guma, meaning rubber, with the diminutive suffix -ka.

Erasers have a long history dating from the late 18th century, when natural rubber-based products began to be manufactured in Europe. Edward Nairne, a London instrument maker, is commonly credited with popularizing the modern eraser in the 1770s. Over time, materials and formulations evolved: natural rubber remained common, while vinyl and other plastics became widespread in the 20th century, offering different textures and durability. Kneaded erasers, which are malleable and can be shaped, are another widely used type.

Types and materials include natural-rubber erasers, vinyl or plastic erasers, and kneaded (dough-like) erasers. Erasers come in various shapes and sizes—rectangular blocks, cylindrical pencils with integrated erasers, markers with erasing ends, and specialty tools for delicate work. Some erase graphite more cleanly, while others are designed to remove ink or reduce graphite smudging. Many erasers leave residue or dust and should be used with care on delicate surfaces.

Usage and safety considerations include avoiding latex allergies associated with natural rubber and being aware that erasers can smear rather than fully remove marks on certain papers. Regular storage in a dry place helps prevent deterioration. In Polish school and office practice, gumka remains a standard stationery item for correcting graphite marks.