glialvascular

Glialvascular is a term used to describe the integrated system formed by glial cells and the cerebral vasculature that supports brain function through regulation of blood flow, metabolic exchange, and barrier properties. It emphasizes the coordinated actions of glial cells with vascular components to maintain homeostasis and respond to physiological and pathological challenges.

Key components of the glialvascular system include astrocytes with endfeet that envelop blood vessels, endothelial cells and pericytes that form the blood–brain barrier, microglia in perivascular regions, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. The neurovascular basement membrane and perivascular spaces provide structural and signaling interfaces for communication between neural and vascular elements. Together, these cells regulate vascular tone, barrier integrity, ion and water homeostasis, and clearance of metabolites.

Functions central to the glialvascular system include neurovascular coupling, whereby neuronal activity drives targeted changes in blood flow; metabolic support through delivery of glucose and lactate; maintenance of ionic balance and extracellular space composition; and immune surveillance and response to injury. The system also participates in development and remodeling, with glial and vascular cells guiding angiogenesis and establishing barrier properties during growth and in adaptation to changing neural activity.

Clinical relevance arises when glialvascular interactions are disrupted. BBB breakdown, impaired cerebral autoregulation, and dysregulated neurovascular coupling are linked to stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Glial activation and gliosis can further alter vascular function and perfusion, contributing to disease progression.

Research on the glialvascular system employs in vivo imaging, molecular and genetic approaches, and in vitro models such as neurovascular units and organ-on-a-chip systems to study cell–cell signaling, barrier dynamics, and responses to injury or disease.