neuronal

Neuronal is an adjective relating to neurons, the nerve cells that form the core signaling units of the nervous system. Neurons generate and transmit information through electrical impulses and chemical signals. The term is used to describe neuron-specific structure, function, development, and pathology.

A typical neuron has a soma (cell body), dendrites, and an axon. Dendrites receive inputs; the axon conducts an action potential to other cells. Myelination by glial cells speeds transmission in many neurons. Communication at synapses uses neurotransmitters to influence target neurons, muscle cells, or glands.

Neuronal networks vary by brain region and function. Neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory, shaping the flow of information. Broad classes include sensory, motor, and interneurons. Together, neuronal circuits support perception, movement, learning, and memory.

Developmentally, neurons differentiate and form networks; neurogenesis persists in limited brain regions. Synaptic plasticity—the strengthening or weakening of synapses—underpins learning and adaptation. Disruption of neuronal function contributes to stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases.

In research, neuronal properties are studied with electrophysiology, imaging, and molecular tools. Cultured neurons and brain-slice preparations model circuits and inform understanding of nervous system function.