getters

In programming, a getter is a method or function that retrieves the value of an object's attribute. Getters are a form of encapsulation, allowing code to access internal state without exposing the underlying representation directly. They are commonly used in conjunction with setters, which modify the state, to form a controlled interface for an object's properties.

Getters can return stored values or compute a value on demand. A stored-value getter simply returns a private field, while a computed-property getter derives a result from one or more fields or external factors. Because getters are part of the public API, they provide a level of abstraction that can hide changes to internal data structures without affecting external code.

Naming and syntax vary by language. In Java and C#, a getter often appears as a method such as getValue() that returns the property's type. In Python, a getter is frequently implemented with the @property decorator, allowing access via attribute syntax (for example, obj.value) while still using a method. JavaScript supports get syntax (get value() { ... }), enabling access like obj.value. Some languages, such as Kotlin and Swift, treat properties as a combination of accessors, with concise syntax for both getting and setting.

Best practices include keeping getters inexpensive and free of side effects, avoiding heavy I/O or long computations in accessors. Prefer read-only properties when no setter is needed, to reinforce encapsulation. Consider whether a value should be exposed as a property or as a method, especially if the operation is nontrivial or may change in the future. Getters thus contribute to robust, maintainable interfaces by regulating how internal state is accessed.

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