geosynthetic

Geosynthetic is a general term for engineered polymeric materials used in civil and geotechnical engineering to modify the properties of soils and other materials. They are designed to perform functions such as separation, filtration, drainage, reinforcement, containment, and erosion control in a variety of environments.

Common geosynthetics include geotextiles, which are permeable fabrics used for separation, filtration, and drainage; geogrids and geocells, which reinforce soil and improve stability; geonets and drainage composites, which provide vertical drainage paths; geomembranes and geosynthetic clay liners, which provide containment barriers in landfills and reservoirs; and geosynthetic composites that combine these functions. They are typically made from polymeric materials such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, and polyvinyl chloride.

Geosynthetics are used in road and rail construction, embankments, retaining walls, foundations, landfills, drainage layers, and slope stabilization, as well as in environmental and water management projects. They can extend service life, reduce thicknesses of natural materials, and simplify construction in challenging soils or weather conditions.

Design and performance are guided by standards from organizations such as ASTM International and ISO, which specify material properties, test methods, and installation practices. Installation commonly involves placement with suitable cover materials and consideration of UV exposure, puncture resistance, and long-term interaction with soil.