gadiformes

Gadiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes comprising primarily marine, bottom-dwelling species found in temperate and cold waters of both hemispheres, with a strong presence in the North Atlantic and southern oceans. Members include several important commercial species such as cod, haddock, pollock, and hake.

Anatomically, gadiforms tend to be elongated, with two or more dorsal fins and relatively small pelvic fins. A diagnostic feature in much of the group is a chin barbel on the lower jaw, used to locate prey on the substrate, though this trait is not universal. They generally have robust skulls, large mouths, and a lateral line running along the body.

Habitat and ecology: They inhabit continental shelves and slopes, often living near the bottom. Diet ranges from crustaceans to fish. Reproduction involves spawning in defined seasons; many species are slow-growing and long-lived, making them vulnerable to overfishing.

Taxonomy and economic importance: Gadiformes include several families, notably Gadidae (true cods, haddocks, pollocks), Merlucciidae (hakes), Moridae (morid cods), and Lotidae (ling). The Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and the European hake Merluccius merluccius are among the most well-known species. Because of their high commercial value, several gadiform stocks have been subject to quotas and management measures to prevent depletion.