funduskamera

Funduskamera, or fundus camera, is a specialized ophthalmic imaging device used to photograph the interior surface of the eye, including the retina, optic nerve head, and macula. Fundus photographs provide a record of retinal structure and pathology for diagnosis, documentation, and follow-up.

Imaging is typically achieved by a brief flash of light while the patient fixates on a target. Most systems can operate with pupil dilation or non-dilated pupils. Some models incorporate autofluorescence or fluorescein angiography to visualize retinal vessels and leakage.

Fields of view vary: traditional color photographs cover about 30-60 degrees per image; modern wide-field cameras can reach up to 200 degrees or create panoramic montages. Confocal scanning methods (scanning laser ophthalmoscopy) are related and often integrated in multi-modality devices.

Common indications include screening and monitoring of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma assessment through optic nerve analysis, detection of age-related macular degeneration, and evaluation of retinal detachments or vascular occlusions. Fundus photography also supports telemedicine and clinical documentation.

Safety and limitations are generally modest: brief light exposure is well tolerated; dilation may be required for best results. Image quality depends on pupil size, media clarity, and operator skill; some patients with cataracts or dry eyes yield poorer images.

History and current use: digital fundus cameras emerged in the late 20th century and are now common in ophthalmology clinics for routine examination, disease management, and remote consultation.