fruktózszirup

Fruktózszirup, commonly known as high‑fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in the United States, is a liquid sweetener derived from corn starch. The production process begins with the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose. Two key enzymes, alpha‑amylase and glucoamylase, break the starch chains into glucose molecules. The resulting syrup, rich in glucose, is then partially converted into fructose using the enzyme glucose isomerase. The ratio of glucose to fructose can vary, with HFCS‑42 containing approximately 42 % fructose and HFCS‑55 about 55 % fructose, making the latter similar in sweetness to cane sugar (sucrose).

Fruktózszirup is widely used in processed foods and beverages, particularly in sodas, fruit drinks, baked goods, and condiments, because it is inexpensive, stable, and improves texture and shelf life. It is also employed in medical nutrition and in the food industry as a humectant and flavor carrier.

Nutritionally, fruktózszirup provides about 4 kcal per gram, similar to other sugars. However, its rapid absorption and high fructose content have drawn health concerns. Excessive intake is associated with increased risk of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Unlike sucrose, which contains equal parts glucose and fructose, fruktózszirup’s higher fructose concentration can accelerate de novo lipogenesis in the liver.

Regulatory authorities classify fruktózszirup as a food additive and restrict its use in certain products. In the European Union, the name "high‑fructose corn syrup" is prohibited and the ingredient must be listed as "corn syrup" or "corn syrup solids." In the United States, it remains one of the most common sweeteners, though public pressure has driven several manufacturers to reduce or eliminate its use.

Scientific studies continue to evaluate the long‑term health impacts of fruktózszirup consumption. Current guidance from health organizations recommends limiting added sugars, including fruktózszirup, to below 10 % of daily caloric intake to support overall health.