fjellene

Fjellene is the definite plural form of fjell in Norwegian and refers to mountains or mountain ranges. The term covers high, rugged terrain found in Norway as well as in other parts of the world, and is used to describe landscapes dominated by steep slopes, rock faces, and, in many places, snow and glaciers.

Formation and features: Most fjellene arise from tectonic forces that uplift rock during plate movements and from faulting and erosion. In some regions volcanic activity contributes. Glaciation has shaped many mountain landscapes, carving U-shaped valleys, sharp peaks, and cirques that remain visible long after glaciers retreat.

Geography and examples: Fjellene occur in diverse settings worldwide. In Norway, notable ranges include Jotunheimen and Dovrefjell, while many continental ranges such as the Alps, the Rockies, and the Andes illustrate similar geological processes.

Climate and ecology: Climate varies with altitude; montane forests give way to alpine zones where vegetation becomes sparse and conditions are harsher. Alpine flora and ground-cover organisms such as hardy grasses, mosses, and lichens are common, and wildlife adapted to high elevations, including birds of prey and mountain-dwelling mammals, is typical of many fjellområder.

Human use and culture: Fjellene are central to outdoor recreation—hiking, climbing, and ski touring—and to tourism and cultural symbolism. They provide water resources and, in some regions, hydropower. Infrastructure such as roads and tunnels often crosses passes and connects valley settlements.

Conservation and change: Many fjell landscapes are protected as national parks and nature reserves to preserve habitats, biodiversity, and scenic value. Climate change affects fjellene through glacier retreat, changing snowlines, and shifts in ecosystems and water availability.