fireproofing

Fireproofing refers to measures and materials designed to slow the spread of fire, preserve structural integrity, and protect occupants by limiting heat transfer. It is a form of passive fire protection applied to building elements rather than an active suppression system.

Common fireproofing methods rely on protective coatings and enclosure systems. Spray-applied cementitious coatings, mineral wool insulation, and intumescent coatings (paints or coatings that expand when heated) are widely used on structural steel. Fire-rated boards and cementitious or mineral fiber panels can form protective envelopes around beams, columns, and decks. In some cases, concrete encasement or integral fire resistance of concrete or masonry assemblies provides inherent protection.

Performance is expressed as a fire-resistance rating, measured in minutes or hours, indicating how long a element can withstand fire exposure while maintaining structural capability. Ratings are established through standardized tests such as ASTM E119 (US) or EN 1363 (Europe) and are referenced in building codes and design guides.

Design and installation considerations include compatibility with substrates, environmental conditions, anticipated mechanical damage, and the need for protection from moisture and impacts. Application thickness, curing, and surface preparation affect performance, and access for inspection is important after completion.

Maintenance and inspection involve checking for damage, moisture intrusion, or coating degradation and performing repairs or reapplication as needed to restore the rated performance. Limitations include vulnerability to physical damage, humidity, and chemical exposure; lifecycle cost and scheduling constraints can influence material choice.