fireresistance

Fire resistance refers to the ability of a material or an assembled construction element to withstand fire and continue to perform its protective function for a defined period. This includes resisting structural collapse, limiting heat transfer, and preventing the passage of flames and smoke during exposure to fire.

Fire resistance is evaluated under standardized fire conditions using laboratory testing. In the United States, tests such as ASTM E119 are used; in Europe, EN 13501-2 and related standards apply. The result is a fire resistance rating, expressed in minutes (for example, 60 minutes). Tests expose specimens to a prescribed fire curve and evaluate criteria including structural stability, insulation, and integrity; some codes also assess airtightness and smoke control.

Factors affecting fire resistance include material properties (melting, charring, thermal conductivity), thickness, joints, penetrations for cables and pipes, sealants, and installation quality. The rating applies to the specific product, assembly, and installation conditions; performance can vary with changes in these factors.

Fire resistance is a component of passive fire protection in buildings. It is used to slow fire spread, safeguard occupants, and enable safe evacuation, and it is distinct from active protection such as automatic sprinklers and alarms.

Limitations: a given rating does not guarantee performance in all real exposures; environmental conditions, fire load, and duration beyond the rated time can cause failure. Maintenance, damage, and penetrations can also affect performance and compliance over time.