entradasaída

Entrada/Saída, often abbreviated I/O, is a term in computing that describes the transfer of data between a computer system and its external environment. It covers both input, which brings data into the system (keyboard, mouse, sensors, scanners), and output, which sends data out (display, printer, motors). It also includes storage devices and network interfaces when viewed as data channels.

Hardware and interfaces: I/O devices connect via ports, buses, and controllers; many systems separate I/O roles into peripheral devices and internal storage. I/O operations can be synchronous or asynchronous, buffered or unbuffered, and may use memory-mapped I/O or port-mapped I/O. The software layer relies on device drivers and the OS I/O subsystem to orchestrate access and protect resources.

Performance: I/O is often the bottleneck; concepts like bandwidth, latency, buffering, and caching influence overall system performance. Scheduling of I/O requests (I/O scheduler) and interrupt-driven versus polling approaches further affect throughput.

In programming: I/O libraries provide interfaces for reading and writing data, such as streams and file descriptors, with paradigms varying by language. I/O can be classified as file I/O, network I/O, and device I/O, among others.

In broader use, Entrada/Saída encompasses the design considerations for how a system interacts with sensors, actuators, and other subsystems, across hardware and software boundaries.