endosulfan

Endosulfan is a chlorinated organochlorine insecticide used for many decades in agriculture. It exists as a mixture of two stereoisomers, alpha-endosulfan and beta-endosulfan, and has been applied to crops such as cotton, fruits, and vegetables as a contact and systemic insecticide. Its mode of action involves antagonism of GABA_A receptor–mediated inhibition, which can lead to uncontrolled neuronal activity in insects and non-target organisms alike.

Environmentally, endosulfan is relatively persistent in soils and sediments and can volatilize and disperse over long distances. It is toxic to aquatic life, birds, and other wildlife, and it can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Human exposure can occur through occupational handling or via residues in food; acute exposure may cause central nervous system stimulation, seizures, and potentially death, while concerns have been raised about developmental effects from chronic exposure.

Regulatory status has become increasingly restrictive. Endosulfan is listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants for global phase-out and use restrictions, with exemptions in some cases. Many countries have banned or severely restricted its sale and use, and production has declined substantially worldwide.

Safety and disposal considerations emphasize strict adherence to pesticide regulations. If endosulfan is present in an area, workers should use appropriate protective equipment, and efforts should be made to prevent contamination of water and soil. Waste and container disposal should follow local regulatory guidelines, with preference given to safer alternative pest management strategies.