insecticide

An insecticide is a substance or mixture used to kill insects or inhibit their development. In modern practice, insecticides target agricultural pests, disease vectors, stored-product pests, or nuisance insects. They can be chemical compounds, biological agents, or plant-derived substances, and may act by disrupting the nervous system, inhibiting metabolism, interfering with growth and development, or preventing feeding and reproduction.

Chemical insecticides encompass several major classes, including organochlorines (largely restricted due to persistence and non-target effects), organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and newer neonicotinoids and diamides. Botanical pesticides derive from plants, such as pyrethrins. Microbial insecticides use organisms or their toxins, notably Bacillus thuringiensis. Insect growth regulators disrupt molting and development, while pheromones and attractants are used for monitoring and mating disruption. Applications often involve foliar sprays, soil treatments, seed coatings, or formulations for storage protection.

Insecticides are used in agriculture to protect crops, in public health to control disease vectors like mosquitoes, and in households and stored-product environments to manage pests. They are applied alone or as part of integrated pest management programs, which emphasize pest monitoring, cultural and biological controls, and the targeted, minimal use of chemicals.

Environmental and health considerations include toxicity to non-target organisms (including beneficial insects and aquatic life), potential residues on foods, and the development of pest resistance. Regulatory agencies assess risks and require registration, labeling, and adherence to application guidelines. Safer handling practices include following labels, using personal protective equipment, avoiding drift, proper storage, and safe disposal. Integrated approaches aim to minimize ecological impact while maintaining pest suppression.