endometrios

Endometriosis is a medical condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, grows outside the uterus. This tissue can be found on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, and in the pelvic cavity. In rare cases, it can spread to other parts of the body. This misplaced tissue responds to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, building up, breaking down, and bleeding. However, unlike menstrual blood, this blood has no way to exit the body, leading to inflammation, pain, and the formation of scar tissue and adhesions.

The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but several theories exist, including retrograde menstruation, where menstrual blood flows back into the pelvic cavity through the fallopian tubes. Other theories involve the transformation of peritoneal cells into endometrial-like cells, or the transport of endometrial cells to other locations by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Genetic factors and immune system dysfunction are also being investigated.

Symptoms vary greatly among individuals and can include painful menstrual periods (dysmenorrhea), pain during or after intercourse (dyspareunia), chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and painful bowel movements or urination, especially during menstruation. Some individuals may experience no symptoms at all. Diagnosis typically involves a pelvic exam, imaging tests like ultrasound or MRI, and is definitively confirmed through laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical procedure. Treatment options range from pain management with over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers and hormonal therapies to suppress ovulation and reduce menstrual bleeding, to surgery to remove endometrial implants and adhesions. Fertility treatments may be considered for those experiencing infertility.