endocriene

Endocriene refers to the endocrine system and its chemical messengers. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones travel to distant target cells carrying specific receptors, producing slow, long-lasting effects that complement the rapid actions of the nervous system. The system regulates metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, fluid and electrolyte balance, and responses to stress.

Major endocrine glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (the hypothalamic-pituitary axis), the thyroid and parathyroids, the thymus, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, and the gonads (ovaries and testes); during pregnancy the placenta acts as an endocrine organ. Each gland releases one or more hormones; examples include insulin, cortisol, adrenaline, thyroid hormones, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and growth hormone. The same hormone can have different effects on different tissues depending on receptor presence and cellular context.

Hormone action is typically regulated by feedback loops, especially negative feedback, in which rising hormone levels suppress further secretion. The hypothalamus and pituitary play central roles by sensing internal conditions and coordinating peripheral gland activity.

Dysfunction can give rise to endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, adrenal disorders, pituitary disorders, and reproductive hormone imbalances. Treatment often targets hormone levels or gland function and may involve medication, lifestyle changes, or surgical intervention.

Endocriene signaling interacts with the nervous and immune systems, forming an integrated network that maintains homeostasis and adaptive responses to internal and external changes.