ekitoblar

Ek itoblar, or e-books, are digital versions of books that can be read on electronic devices such as e‑readers, tablets, smartphones, or computers. They exist as files in formats such as EPUB, PDF, MOBI/AZW, and HTML. EPUB is a widely supported open standard, PDF preserves fixed layouts, and MOBI/AZW is commonly used on Kindle devices. E-books can be downloaded instantly, stored in large numbers on a single device, and read offline.

E‑books offer features not typically available in print, including adjustable font size and font type, line spacing, margins, and background color; built‑in dictionaries; search functions; bookmarks, highlights, and notes; and often text‑to‑speech or narration. Accessibility options make many titles usable for readers with visual impairments.

Distribution and licensing vary. E‑books are sold or rented by publishers and retailers, and libraries often provide digital loans through platforms like OverDrive or Libby. Many titles are protected by digital rights management (DRM) to restrict copying and sharing, while others are offered DRM‑free. Compatibility across devices can differ, leading to ecosystem lock‑in for some formats.

Impact and challenges include reduced physical storage needs and easier access to a broad catalog, especially for libraries and remote learners. Challenges involve licensing costs, platform fragmentation, device battery dependence, and concerns about long‑term digital preservation. The e‑book market has grown alongside traditional publishing, shaping reading habits and access to literature worldwide.