ebook

Ebook, short for electronic book, is a book-length publication in digital format that can be read on electronic devices such as dedicated e-readers, tablets, smartphones, or computers. Ebooks can use reflowable text that adapts to device size or fixed layouts that preserve page design. They commonly support features such as adjustable font size, search, annotations, bookmarks, and hyperlinks. Most ebooks are distributed as files in formats such as EPUB, PDF, or MOBI/AZW. EPUB is a widely used open standard for reflowable text; PDF preserves fixed layouts; Amazon's AZW/MOBI are common on Kindle platforms and often include DRM protection.

History and devices: The concept developed in the late 20th century and expanded with the advent of dedicated e-readers and tablet computers in the 2000s and 2010s. Reading devices range from e-ink readers to tablets and smartphones, with software applications for offline or online reading.

Distribution and accessibility: Ebooks are typically downloaded from online retailers, library lending platforms such as OverDrive or Libby, or subscription services, or accessed via cloud libraries. Accessibility features—screen reader compatibility, adjustable contrast, and text-to-speech—are increasingly standard.

Impact and considerations: Ebooks reduce physical storage and allow rapid distribution, but formats, DRM, and licensing can affect compatibility, lending, and ownership. They have transformed publishing, education, and libraries by enabling search, annotations, and cross-device reading.