Reading
Reading is the process of interpreting written language to derive meaning. It combines decoding of symbols with comprehension, allowing readers to access information, tell stories, and engage with ideas. Silent reading emphasizes internalization and speed, while oral reading can aid pronunciation and fluency. Fluency—the ability to read smoothly with appropriate pace and expression—supports comprehension.
Reading develops through interconnected skills, including phonological awareness, vocabulary knowledge, working memory, and background knowledge. Early
Historically, reading cultures arose with writing systems and sustained through print technologies. The invention of the
Education emphasizes assessment of reading aloud, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Readers employ strategies such as predicting,
Accessibility remains a focus: supports for readers with dyslexia or other difficulties, multilingual readers, and equitable
Cultural institutions like libraries and publishers shape reading cultures, with copyright, literacy programs, and community reading