ecoduct

An ecoduct, also called a wildlife crossing or ecological bridge, is a structure that enables animals to cross human-made barriers such as roads, railways, or urban development while maintaining habitat connectivity. They can take the form of overpasses (bridges) or underpasses (tunnels or culverts). Overpasses are typically broad, landscaped with native vegetation and soil to resemble a natural ridge, and may include fencing to guide animals toward the crossing. Underpasses vary in size and often use natural substrates, lighting designed to be unobtrusive, and water features to support stream-dwelling species.

They are designed to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions, prevent habitat fragmentation, and preserve ecological processes such as dispersal and gene flow. Ecoducts are most effective when integrated with fencing and broader landscape connectivity measures to steer wildlife toward the crossing and reduce risky road crossings.

Design considerations include location selection based on wildlife movement data, traffic volume, and proximity to natural habitats; target species; substrate and vegetation; hydrology and drainage; safety for human users and maintenance access.

Effectiveness: Numerous studies report substantial reductions in roadkill and evidence of wildlife using the crossings, as well as improved genetic exchange and movement between populations. They are increasingly incorporated in Europe, North America, and other regions as components of green infrastructure and biodiversity conservation. Costs are high upfront but can be offset by long-term ecological and safety benefits.