dopeing

Doping, sometimes spelled dopeing in older literature, is the use of banned substances or methods to enhance athletic performance or to conceal the effects of such use. It is prohibited in competitive sport and is addressed by international and national anti-doping rules.

Substances and methods commonly involved include anabolic steroids, peptide hormones such as growth hormone, erythropoietin (EPO), stimulants, and diuretics. Physical or biological methods such as blood doping (including autologous transfusion) and, in some discussions, gene doping are also prohibited. Some substances are banned at all times, while others are prohibited only in-competition, and different sports may have specific restrictions or acceptable thresholds.

Regulation and testing: Since 1999, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) coordinates the World Anti-Doping Code, which is adopted by many national and international sports bodies. Athletes can be tested both in- and out-of-competition, with samples stored for potential retesting as detection methods improve. The Athlete Biological Passport tracks biological markers over time to identify irregularities suggestive of doping. Violations can result in disqualification, suspensions, fines, and loss of medals or titles.

Impact and controversy: Doping poses health risks such as cardiovascular problems, liver and hormonal complications, and psychological effects. It also raises issues of fairness, integrity, and athlete privacy. The ongoing effort to detect and deter doping reflects the broader aim of preserving a level playing field while balancing athlete rights and scientific advances.