diglossiaan

Diglossiaan is a sociolinguistic situation where two distinct varieties of the same language are used by a single speech community in different social contexts. These two varieties are typically referred to as the High (H) variety and the Low (L) variety. The H variety is generally considered more prestigious, formal, and often used in writing, education, government, and religious settings. The L variety is the vernacular, everyday language spoken in informal situations, within families, and among friends.

The key characteristic of diglossiaan is the functional separation of these two varieties. Speakers are proficient in both and can switch between them depending on the social setting and the topic of conversation. This is not simply a matter of dialectal variation; the H and L varieties are often significantly different in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, to the point where they might be considered separate dialects or even closely related languages by outsiders. However, within the community, they are recognized as belonging to the same language.

Examples of diglossiaan have been observed in various parts of the world. In the Arab world, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) serves as the H variety, while various spoken vernacular dialects function as the L varieties. Classical Greek and Koine Greek also presented a diglossic situation historically. In Haiti, Standard French is the H variety, and Haitian Creole is the L variety. In Paraguay, Standard Spanish is the H variety, and Guarani is the L variety. The stability of a diglossic situation can vary, with factors such as education, media, and social mobility influencing the relationship between the H and L varieties over time.