Paraguay

Paraguay is a landlocked country in the central part of South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the east and northeast, Bolivia to the northwest, and Argentina to the south and southwest. Its capital and largest city is Asunción. The country is divided by the Paraguay and Paraná rivers, with the eastern region more humid and the western Gran Chaco being drier.

Hydroelectric power is a major feature: the Itaipú Dam on the Paraná River, operated jointly with Brazil, is among the world's largest hydroelectric facilities and plays a central role in the economy. The Yacyretá project on the Paraná with Argentina also contributes power and cross-border trade.

History and government: The area was inhabited by Indigenous peoples, including Guaraní communities, before Spanish colonization. Paraguay gained independence in 1811. It endured the War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) and the Chaco War (1932–1935). Since 1989 it has been a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both head of state and government; the Congress is bicameral, with Senate and Chamber of Deputies.

Economy and people: Paraguay has a largely export-oriented agriculture sector, with soybeans, beef, and corn as major products, plus growing manufacturing and services. It benefits from abundant hydroelectric power and a favorable location for trade with neighbors. The guaraní (PYG) is the official currency. The population is about 7 to 8 million, with a majority of mestizo heritage. Spanish and Guaraní are official languages and widely spoken.

Culture: Guaraní language is a key element of national culture; traditional music, crafts, and cuisine reflect Indigenous and European influences. Paraguay contains UNESCO-listed Jesuit Mission sites in the east, highlighting historical exchanges in the region.