Speakers

Speakers are transducers that convert electrical audio signals into sound waves. They are used in consumer and professional audio systems to reproduce recorded sound. Dynamic loudspeakers, which move a diaphragm or cone in front of a voice coil within a magnetic field, are the most common type. When current flows through the coil, the coil and cone move, creating pressure variations in air that are perceived as sound. Performance depends on driver design, enclosure, and amplification.

A typical loudspeaker consists of a driver unit (woofer, midrange, tweeter) housed in an enclosure. The signal is often filtered by a crossover network to route low, mid, and high frequencies to appropriate drivers. Enclosures can be sealed (air-tight) or ported to enhance bass response; some designs use transmission lines or horn loading. Materials for cones vary (paper, polymer, metal).

Several technologies exist: dynamic (the most common), electrostatic, planar magnetic, and horn-loaded designs. In-ear versions are called earphones or in-ear monitors; large venue systems may employ horn-loaded cabinets for increased efficiency. Impedance, sensitivity, and frequency response are standard specifications used to rate performance.

Speakers are used in home theaters, stereo systems, professional studios, cars, and public-address systems. Performance is influenced by room acoustics and placement; measurements include frequency response, distortion, and signal-to-noise ratio. Matching speakers to amplifiers and to room characteristics is essential for accurate sound reproduction.

Care and safety: keep away from moisture, dust, and heat; avoid placing magnets near sensitive devices; ensure proper amplifier impedance matching; regular checks of wiring and connections.