loudspeakers

Loudspeakers are devices that convert electrical audio signals into sound waves for listening. They are used in homes, studios, cinemas, cars, and public address systems, and they come in a wide range of sizes and performance levels.

The core component is the driver, typically a moving coil attached to a lightweight diaphragm. When the voice coil sits in a magnetic field, electrical currents cause the diaphragm to move, producing sound waves. A speaker system often uses multiple drivers and a crossover network to allocate different frequency ranges to suitable drivers.

The most common driver is the dynamic cone, used for bass, midrange, and treble, with dedicated tweeters for high frequencies and woofers for low frequencies. Other technologies include electrostatic, planar magnetic, and horn-loaded designs. Enclosures can be sealed (acoustic suspension) or ported (bass reflex); the cabinet volume and port tuning affect bass response.

Performance is described by frequency response, sensitivity (dB output at a given input), impedance (ohms), and power handling. Total harmonic distortion and signal-to-noise ratio are also considered. Room acoustics and placement strongly influence perceived sound, often more than the speaker itself.

In many applications, speakers are paired with amplifiers or digital audio processors. Studio monitors aim for flat response for mixing, while consumer hi-fi systems emphasize musicality. Placement guidelines vary by design but generally recommend proper distance from walls and level alignment with the listener.