difteria

Difteria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The disease primarily affects the respiratory system, particularly the throat and nose, though it can also impact the skin in some cases. The bacterium produces a potent toxin that can damage tissues and lead to severe complications.

The infection spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it highly contagious in crowded or unsanitary conditions. Symptoms typically appear 2-5 days after exposure and may include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, difficulty breathing, and the formation of a thick gray membrane in the throat that can obstruct airways.

Difteria was once a common childhood disease worldwide but has become rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination programs. The disease remains endemic in some regions with limited healthcare access. Without prompt treatment, difteria can lead to life-threatening complications including heart damage, nerve damage, and respiratory failure.

Diagnosis involves clinical examination and laboratory testing of throat swabs or tissue samples. Treatment requires immediate administration of antitoxin to neutralize the bacterial toxin, along with antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin to eliminate the bacteria. Supportive care may include airway management and monitoring for complications.

Prevention is primarily achieved through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid vaccine, typically administered as part of combined vaccines like DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) or DTaP. Booster shots are recommended throughout life to maintain immunity. Public health measures including isolation of infected individuals and contact tracing help prevent outbreaks.

The mortality rate for untreated difteria can reach 10-20%, particularly affecting children under five and adults over 40. With proper medical care, the prognosis improves significantly, though complications may persist even after recovery.