dialectism

Dialectism is a term used in linguistics to describe the phenomenon of a dialect being recognized or treated as a separate language. This recognition can occur due to various sociopolitical, historical, or cultural factors, rather than solely on linguistic criteria. Often, the distinction between a dialect and a language is not clear-cut and is subject to debate.

The designation of a dialect as a language can be influenced by the existence of a codified written form, a standard grammar, a distinct literary tradition, or political independence of the speech community. Conversely, closely related varieties that are mutually intelligible might be labeled as dialects of a single language for reasons of national unity or historical precedent. For instance, the relationship between Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin is a notable example where linguistic similarities are high, but they are often treated as separate languages due to sociopolitical distinctions.

The concept of dialectism highlights that language classification is not purely an objective linguistic exercise. It often involves subjective judgments and can be intertwined with identity politics and power dynamics. While linguists may analyze the structural differences and similarities between speech varieties, the ultimate decision of whether to consider something a dialect or a language often lies with the speakers and the broader society. This can lead to discussions about linguistic hierarchies and the potential for marginalization of certain speech forms.