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Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as diabetes, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. This occurs because the body either doesn't produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows glucose (sugar) from food to pass from the bloodstream into cells for energy.

There are several types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This usually develops in children and young adults and requires lifelong insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form, where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels. It is often associated with lifestyle factors such as obesity and lack of physical activity, though genetics also plays a role. Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy, increasing the risk of both mother and child developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Symptoms of diabetes can vary depending on the type and severity. Common signs include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, increased hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing sores. If left untreated, high blood sugar levels can lead to serious long-term complications affecting the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests measuring glucose levels. Management involves lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring to control blood sugar and prevent complications.