dengue

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral illness caused by four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4). Transmission primarily occurs via bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti, which thrive in urban environments. The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, with outbreaks linked to rainfall and mosquito abundance.

The incubation period is typically 4 to 10 days. Dengue ranges from a self-limited febrile illness to severe disease. Classic dengue presents with high fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgias, arthralgias, rash and fatigue. Severe dengue can cause plasma leakage, bleeding and organ impairment and is more likely in people with prior dengue infection.

Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and exposure history, confirmed by laboratory tests. In the early phase, NS1 antigen tests or RT-PCR detect viral material; in the later phase, dengue-specific IgM and IgG serology is informative. Testing helps distinguish dengue from malaria, chikungunya and other febrile illnesses.

There is no specific antiviral treatment. Management is supportive and includes fluids, electrolyte balance and fever control with acetaminophen. Avoid NSAIDs and aspirin due to bleeding risk. Severe dengue requires hospitalization for careful fluid management and treatment of complications.

Prevention focuses on vector control to reduce mosquito populations and personal protection such as repellents, long sleeves and screens. Vaccines exist in some regions and are used selectively based on local guidelines and serostatus; vaccination policies vary by country.