DENV1

DENV-1, or dengue virus serotype 1, is a member of Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. It is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a genome of about 11 kilobases, encoding a single polyprotein that is processed into structural proteins C, prM/M, E and nonstructural proteins NS1–NS5.

DENV-1 is one of the four antigenically distinct serotypes that cause dengue in humans. Infection with DENV-1 confers long-lasting, serotype-specific immunity, while secondary infections with other serotypes can increase the risk of severe dengue due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).

Transmission occurs primarily via Aedes mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus. The virus circulates in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide; outbreaks are linked to urbanization, mosquito density, and climate factors.

Clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to dengue fever (fever, headache, myalgia, retro-orbital pain) and can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, particularly in children or during secondary infections with a different serotype.

Diagnosis in acute infection relies on RT-PCR or viral RNA detection; NS1 antigen tests may be positive early; serology (IgM, IgG) can aid later. Management is supportive: fluid management, analgesia, and monitoring.

Prevention emphasizes vector control and public health measures. A tetravalent dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia) has been licensed in some regions; it provides varying protection by serostatus and serotype and is recommended in certain settings for individuals with prior dengue exposure. Ongoing vaccine and antiviral development continues.