debility

Debility is a broad medical term that describes a state of generalized weakness, fatigue, and reduced functional capacity. It is not a disease in itself but a symptom or syndrome that can accompany many underlying conditions. In clinical use, debility may refer to profound weakness that limits daily activities and is disproportionate to any single acute illness.

Causes are diverse and include chronic illnesses such as heart failure, chronic kidney disease, liver disease, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and advanced aging; malnutrition or dehydration; anemia; endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism; infections; inflammatory or autoimmune diseases; deconditioning after prolonged inactivity; and adverse effects of medications or polypharmacy. Debility can be a feature of frailty or cachexia and may result from progressive loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia).

Symptoms typically involve marked fatigue, weakness, reduced endurance, weight loss, and difficulty with activities of daily living. Some patients report dizziness, poor concentration, or sleep disturbance. The presentation can be gradual or associated with a specific illness, such as a recent hospitalization or acute infection.

Evaluation involves history and physical examination, and laboratory testing to assess blood counts, electrolytes, renal and liver function, iron status, vitamin levels, thyroid function, and inflammatory markers. Imaging and specialty tests may be guided by suspected conditions. Assessment of functional status and nutrition is often included.

Management focuses on treating or managing the underlying condition, nutritional support, hydration, physical therapy, graded exercise, and addressing contributing factors such as sleep disorders or depression. The prognosis depends on the cause and the patient’s overall health; some cases improve with treatment, while others reflect advanced disease.

See also: frailty, cachexia, sarcopenia, chronic fatigue syndrome.