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Deafness, or profound hearing loss, is a condition characterized by the inability to perceive sounds, typically defined as a hearing threshold greater than 90 decibels in both ears. It can be congenital, present from birth, or acquired later in life due to various factors. Deafness affects communication, social interaction, and overall quality of life, necessitating alternative methods of communication such as sign language or lip-reading.

The causes of deafness are diverse and can include genetic factors, complications during birth, infections, exposure to loud noises, aging, or certain medications. Genetic deafness accounts for about half of all cases in children and can result from mutations in specific genes. Infections such as rubella, meningitis, or measles during pregnancy or early childhood may also lead to hearing loss. Noise-induced hearing loss, often caused by prolonged exposure to loud environments or machinery, is a common form of acquired deafness.

Diagnosis typically involves audiometric testing, which measures hearing sensitivity across different frequencies. Other diagnostic tools may include imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, to identify structural abnormalities in the ear. Early detection and intervention are crucial, particularly in children, to support language development and cognitive growth.

Management of deafness varies depending on the underlying cause and severity. Hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive listening devices can improve auditory function for some individuals. For others, sign language or written communication may be the primary means of interaction. Support from audiologists, speech therapists, and educational specialists can help individuals with deafness adapt to their condition and lead fulfilling lives.

Cultural and societal perspectives on deafness have evolved over time. While historically viewed as a disability, many deaf individuals identify as part of a distinct cultural community with its own language, traditions, and values. Advocacy for deaf rights and inclusion in mainstream society continues to grow, emphasizing accessibility and equal opportunities for all.