dander

Dander is the collection of tiny, dry flakes of skin shed by animals with fur, hair, or feathers. Unlike hair or fur, dander consists mainly of protein-rich skin cells and can be carried by air currents, adhere to fabrics, and accumulate on household surfaces. Dander particles are typically too small to be seen with the naked eye and can remain suspended for extended periods.

Common sources include cats and dogs, which produce particularly allergenic proteins in their skin and saliva that transfer to dander. Other animals such as birds, rodents, and some farm animals also generate dander, which can contain species-specific allergen proteins (for example Fel d 1 in cats and Can f 1 in dogs). Dander differs from dust and pollen in origin, though it can be found indoors.

Exposure to dander is a major cause of allergic rhinitis and can worsen asthma in sensitive individuals. Reactions vary and may include sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, or coughing. Dander tends to cling to textiles, upholstery, and household objects, making it a persistent indoor allergen even when shedding animals are not present.

Management focuses on reducing exposure and cleaning. Regular cleaning with a vacuum equipped with a HEPA filter, washing fabrics and pet items, and using air purifiers can lower airborne dander. Pet bathing and limiting carpeting and clutter can help, along with consulting a clinician for allergy testing and treatment options such as medications or immunotherapy.