dFAdV

dFAdV, short for duck fowl adenovirus, refers to a group of avian adenoviruses isolated from ducks that are related to the fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) known to infect chickens and other poultry. They belong to the family Adenoviridae and are typically classified within the genus Aviadenovirus. Like other adenoviruses, dFAdV particles are non-enveloped with icosahedral symmetry and carry a linear double-stranded DNA genome, generally in the range of about 34 to 40 kilobases.

Taxonomy and diversity within dFAdV reflect its relationship to FAdV serotypes, with strains often described in relation to established FAdV groups. The term is used to describe duck isolates that are genetically related to fowl adenoviruses, and molecular typing is commonly based on genes such as the hexon to determine relatedness and possible serotype designation.

Epidemiology and transmission of dFAdV have been documented in domestic and some wild duck populations in various regions. Transmission is typically fecal-oral, with shedding of virus in feces and potential contamination of water sources and environments. The clinical impact of dFAdV infections varies by strain, age of the birds, and management conditions; many infections may be subclinical, while others can be associated with hepatic involvement or other nonspecific signs in young ducklings.

Diagnosis and typing rely on molecular methods, including PCR targeting conserved adenoviral genes, as well as virus isolation and histopathology. Histopathology may show hepatocellular changes with intranuclear inclusion bodies, and sequencing of key genes aids in characterizing isolates and assessing relatedness to known FAdV serotypes.

Prevention and control of dFAdV emphasize biosecurity, sanitation, and management practices to reduce exposure. There are limited or no widely used vaccines specifically for dFAdV in ducks, and vaccination strategies, where available, are guided by regional veterinary authorities and ongoing research. Further study is needed to clarify host range, pathogenic potential, and economic impact in duck production.