cutworms

Cutworms are the larval stage of several species of moths in the family Noctuidae. They are smooth, cylindrical caterpillars that typically reach about 1 to 2 inches in length. The name comes from their habit of cutting down young seedlings at or just below the soil surface as they feed at night. Most species feed primarily at night and hide in the soil, plant debris, or mulch during the day.

Cutworms are generalist pests that attack a wide range of crops and ornamentals. They commonly damage vegetables such as lettuce, cabbage, peppers, beans, tomatoes, and corn, as well as grasses and ornamental plants. Damage is often most evident on newly transplanted or germinating plants, which can be toppled or stripped at the base.

Life cycle and ecology: Females lay eggs on vegetation or in soil. Eggs hatch into larvae that go through several instars before pupating in the soil. Adults are moths that emerge and mate, with subsequent generations possible depending on climate. Some species overwinter as pupae in the soil, leading to renewed activity in the following growing season.

Management: Integrated pest management emphasizes prevention and targeted control. Monitor fields or gardens for signs of larvae or migrating moths; use pheromone traps where appropriate. Cultural controls include removing crop debris, tilling to disrupt overwintering stages, and using row covers to protect seedlings. Handpicking larvae at night can provide some relief in small plantings. Biological controls such as Bacillus thuringiensis products labeled for cutworms and soil-dwelling beneficial nematodes can reduce populations. Chemical controls may be used in severe outbreaks but should follow label directions and be rotated to prevent resistance. Crop rotation and proper spacing can reduce favorable cutworm habitats.