germinating

Germinating refers to the process by which a viable seed resumes growth and develops into a seedling. It typically begins when a seed imbibes water, activating metabolism and signaling the end of dormancy, and ends with the emergence of the embryonic radicle and shoot.

The germination process involves several stages. After imbibition, stored nutrients are mobilized to fuel growth, the embryo resumes cell division and elongation, and protective tissues are weakened as the seed coat ruptures. In most species, the radicle (the embryonic root) emerges first and anchors the seedling, followed by the shoot (plumule) that will grow toward the light.

Seeds require specific conditions to germinate. Adequate moisture, suitable temperature, and adequate oxygen are essential, while light sensitivity varies by species. Many seeds have dormancy mechanisms that prevent germination until conditions are favorable; breaking dormancy can involve scarification of a hard seed coat, stratification (a period of cold), or priming and hydration treatments.

Germination can be categorized by whether the cotyledons remain below the soil surface (hypogeal) or emerge above it (epigeal). Epigeal germination often results in cotyledons becoming photosynthetic above ground, whereas hypogeal germination keeps them underground to protect them.

Germination timing and rates vary widely among species and seed lots. Some seeds germinate in a few days under ideal conditions, while others may take weeks or months. Seed viability declines with age and poor storage, making viability testing and proper storage important for reliable germination in gardening and agriculture.