couro

Couro is the durable material produced by treating animal hides to preserve them and impart flexibility. It is most commonly sourced from cattle hides, but can also come from goats, sheep, pigs, and other animals. The production process begins with cleaning and preparing the hides, which are then subjected to tanning to halt decomposition and stabilize the collagen structure. Tanning can use mineral salts (chromium tanning) or tannins from plant sources (vegetable tanning), sometimes in combination with oils, waxes, or other finishes. After tanning, the leather is dried, conditioned, dyed, and given a surface treatment that determines its texture and appearance.

Leather can be categorized by the animal source, by the stage of processing (full-grain, corrected-grain, or split), and by finish (smooth, nubuck, suede, patent, etc.). Full-grain leather preserves the natural surface, while suede and nubuck are created by finishing the inner layers. Exotic leathers from other animals are also produced for specialized products.

Common applications include footwear, belts, bags, jackets, furniture upholstery, automotive interiors, and sporting goods. Leather is valued for its strength, durability, and evolving patina, but it is sensitive to moisture and requires regular care such as cleaning and conditioning. Proper storage away from direct heat helps extend its life.

Environmental and ethical considerations are ongoing in the industry. Tanning can generate pollutants; chromium-based tanning is efficient but controversial, while vegetable tanning is often pitched as more sustainable but slower. There is growing emphasis on responsible sourcing and on alternative materials for those seeking vegan or lower-impact options.