conifer

Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants classified in the division Pinophyta, a major lineage of gymnosperms. They include many well known genera such as Pinus (pines), Picea (spruces), Abies (firs), Larix (larches), Cedrus (cedars), Cupressus and Juniperus (cypresses and junipers), as well as the redwoods and various tropical families such as Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. Most conifers are evergreen, retaining their leaves year round, but some, like the larches, are deciduous. Their leaves are typically narrow and simple, appearing as needles or scales, and many are well adapted to cold or drought.

Conifers reproduce by cones rather than flowers. Male cones produce pollen, while female cones contain ovules that become seeds after fertilization. Pollination is usually wind-dispersed. Seeds are often winged, aiding dispersal by wind. Some species have serotinous cones that require heat or fire to release seeds.

Geographically, conifers dominate boreal and montane forests and occur in temperate regions around the world, with certain lineages extending into tropical highlands and isolated tropical forests. They range in size from shrub-like species to giant trees.

Uses and importance: Conifers provide substantial timber and paper resources, resins, and essential oils. They are also widely grown as ornamentals and play key ecological roles in their native forests, offering habitat and supporting soil and climate processes.

Conservation: Many conifers face threats from logging, land-use change, pests, and climate change, though protected and managed forests help sustain populations and genetic diversity.