Abies

Abies is a genus of evergreen conifers in the pine family (Pinaceae), known commonly as firs. It comprises about 40–50 species native to boreal, montane, and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with centers of diversity in Asia and North America. Fir forests are important components of temperate ecosystems, and several species are valued for timber and ornamental use.

Trees usually attain medium to large size and have a conical crown when young. Leaves are needle-like, attached singly to the twig by a small basal sheath; needles are often flat, green or blue-green, with two narrow stomatal bands on the underside. Cones are cylindrical and stand upright on branches; they disintegrate at maturity to release winged seeds. Bark is thin and smooth on young trees, becoming fissured with age.

Firs prefer cool, moist, well-drained soils and are common in montane and boreal forests. Many species are adapted to high elevations and are sensitive to drought and heat. They are wind-pollinated, and seed dispersal is aided by animals and wind in some species. Fire regimes and pests, such as bark beetles, can impact populations.

Economically, fir timber is used for construction, plywood, and pulp. Several species are prominent as Christmas trees in horticulture: Nordmann fir (A. nordmanniana), Fraser fir (A. fraseri), and balsam fir (A. balsamea). Some species produce fragrant resins or essential oils.

Abies comprises about 50 species including A. alba (European silver fir), A. grandis (grand fir), A. balsamea (balsam fir), A. nordmanniana (Nordmann fir), A. cephalonica (Greek fir), and A. procera (noble fir). The genus is closely related to Picea (spruces) and shares many ecological niches across the Northern Hemisphere.