balsam

Balsam is a general term for resinous, aromatic substances exuded by certain trees and shrubs. These exudates are typically sticky and viscous, hardening over time to form solid masses. They contain essential oils and resin acids, such as benzoic and cinnamic acids, which give warm, sweet, resinous fragrances. The word balsam has historically been used for both the natural resin itself and for products derived from it, including medicines and varnishes.

Notable balsams include balsam of Peru and Tolu balsam, both derived from species of the Myroxylon genus native to Central and South America. Balsam of Peru (Peru balsam) comes mainly from Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae, while Tolu balsam comes from Myroxylon balsamum var. toluiferum. A closely related and widely used balsam is Canada balsam, obtained from Abies balsamea (balsam fir), which is valued as a mounting medium in light microscopy and has historical use in varnishes.

In perfumery and cosmetics, balsams act as base notes and fixatives, contributing warm, balsamic, and often vanilla-like characteristics that help stabilize volatile fragrance ingredients. They are also found in traditional medicines and flavorings in small amounts. In chemistry, balsams are cited as natural resinous exudates; components can separate over time or crystallize, influencing scent and color.

Safety considerations include allergenicity: Balsam of Peru and Tolu balsam are known fragrance allergens for some individuals and may require labeling under various regulatory schemes.