Peru

Peru is a country in western South America, spanning the Pacific coastline, the Andes, and portions of the Amazon. It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil and Bolivia to the east, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The capital and largest city is Lima.

Population is about 33 million. Spanish is the dominant language, with Quechua and Aymara widely spoken; indigenous traditions influence many regions alongside urban culture.

Peru is a unitary presidential republic with a president as head of state and a unicameral Congress of about 130 members elected for five-year terms. Power is exercised through the executive, legislature, and judiciary, with subnational authorities.

The economy is based on mining (copper, gold, zinc), agriculture (coffee, asparagus, quinoa), and services. Peru has experienced growth but faces inequality and exposure to commodity cycles.

Historically, the region hosted civilizations such as Norte Chico, Moche, Nazca, and Inca. The Inca Empire was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century, and independence came in 1821. The late 20th century saw internal conflict and later market reforms.

Culture blends Indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian influences. Notable cuisine includes ceviche, lomo saltado, and cuy; major sites include Machu Picchu and Nazca Lines.

Geography ranges from dry coast to high Andes and the Amazon. Biodiversity is high with protected areas such as Manu and Pacaya-Samiria.

Tourism centers on Machu Picchu, Cusco, Arequipa, and natural areas; it is an important economic activity.