Juniperus

Juniperus is a genus of evergreen conifers in the family Cupressaceae, comprising around 50 to 70 species. Native mainly to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, they occur across North America, Europe, and Asia, from lowlands to high mountains. Junipers tolerate a range of soils and climates but generally prefer well-drained sites and are drought-tolerant. They range from low shrubs to medium-sized trees and are often long-lived.

Most Juniperus species have leaves that are scale-like, overlapping on the shoots; several species retain needle-like, sharp juvenile leaves. They can be dioecious or monoecious, producing male or female cones on a plant. The female cones develop into fleshy, berry-like structures comprised of hardened scales that ripen to blue, purple, or brown. These berries are consumed by birds and wildlife, aiding seed dispersal. Cone maturation typically takes about one to two years.

In cultivation, junipers are valued as ornamental evergreens, ground covers, and windbreaks, with numerous cultivars selected for color, shape, and size. They have economic uses as well: the berries flavor gin and liqueurs, and the wood is resinous and used for fencing, cabinetry, and chests. Junipers are susceptible to diseases such as cedar-apple rust and juniper blight, and may be affected by pests like scale insects and bagworms. Conservation status varies by species, with some rare or geographically restricted taxa needing habitat protection.