evergreens

Evergreens are plants that retain living foliage year-round, rather than shedding all leaves seasonally. Most species remain green throughout the year, although some may drop older leaves gradually. This trait contrasts with deciduous plants, which lose most or all of their leaves in a particular season. The evergreen habit is widespread among trees and shrubs across temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions.

Two major groupings of evergreens are conifers, including pines, spruces, firs, and cedars, and broadleaf evergreens, such as hollies, laurels, camellias, and rhododendrons. Conifers are predominant in boreal and mountainous areas, while broadleaf evergreens are common in Mediterranean climates and rainforests. The geographic distribution of evergreen habit reflects adaptations to temperature, rainfall, and fire regimes.

Evergreen leaves are often needle-like or small and thick, with waxy cuticles and sunken stomata to reduce water loss and withstand cold, drought, or wind. Leaves may be long-lived, lasting several years. Some species replace leaves gradually rather than all at once.

Ecologically, evergreens provide shelter and food for wildlife year-round and contribute to soil stability and carbon storage. They are widely used in forestry, landscaping, and horticulture for shade, windbreaks, and ornamental value. In some regions, evergreen species are culturally significant and associated with seasonal traditions.