condilomas

Condilomas, also known as condylomata acuminata, are benign mucocutaneous growths caused by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly types 6 and 11. They typically present as soft, flesh-colored or gray papules or clusters that may be raised or flat and can have a cauliflower-like appearance. Lesions commonly involve the genitals, perineal area, anus, and, less frequently, the oral mucosa after autoinoculation.

Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact. Infection can occur even when warts are not visible, and incubation ranges from weeks to months. The body's immune response often controls the infection, but warts can recur after treatment as HPV may persist in the skin or mucosa.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on appearance. Dermoscopy or biopsy may be considered in uncertain, extensive, or atypical cases. In women, cervical cancer screening and HPV testing may be indicated because of possible coexisting HPV infections with higher-risk types.

Treatment aims to remove the warts and relieve symptoms; it does not cure HPV infection itself. Options include clinician-administered therapies such as cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, surgical excision, electrocautery, or laser therapy, and patient-applied therapies such as imiquimod cream, podophyllotoxin, or sinecatechins. The choice depends on wart size, location, number, pregnancy status, and patient preference. Recurrence is common, even after successful treatment.

Prevention focuses on HPV vaccination for eligible individuals, safe sex practices, and routine cervical cancer screening where appropriate. Disclosure to and consideration of partners may be advised, and ongoing surveillance is important since infection with high-risk HPV types is linked to other anogenital cancers.