condylomata

Condylomata refers to mucocutaneous warty lesions in the anogenital region or other mucosal sites. In clinical use the term most often denotes two distinct conditions: condylomata acuminata (genital warts) caused by human papillomavirus infection, and condylomata lata, flat lesions of secondary syphilis.

Genital warts are caused by low-risk HPV types, mainly 6 and 11. Transmission is by sexual contact; autoinoculation and spread to adjacent areas may occur. Warts are soft, flesh-colored or gray, may be single or clustered, and can have a cauliflower-like appearance. They may itch or be asymptomatic. Immunosuppressed individuals may have larger or more numerous lesions.

Diagnosis is usually clinical; acetic acid can temporarily whiten lesions. HPV typing is not routinely required. Treatments include patient-applied therapies (imiquimod, podophyllotoxin, sinecatechin) and clinician-administered options (cryotherapy, curettage, electrocautery, laser). Recurrence is common; clearance may take months. HPV vaccination against types 6 and 11 reduces future risk.

Condylomata lata are moist, broad-based gray plaques of secondary syphilis, highly infectious and indicating systemic Treponema pallidum infection. Diagnosis relies on serologic tests (non-treponemal and treponemal). Treatment is with benzathine penicillin G, with alternatives for allergy or pregnancy. Contact tracing and screening for other STIs are recommended.

Prevention includes safe sex practices and HPV vaccination, which protects against common wart-causing types and lowers cancer risk. Regular STI screening and timely treatment of syphilis and other infections are advised.