condescension

Condescension refers to attitudes or behaviors in which one person communicates superiority over another in a way that belittles or demeans the other person. The term comes from Latin condescendere, “to descend,” historically implying stepping down from a higher status to interact with someone deemed lower. In everyday use, condescension is often conveyed through patronizing speech or actions that suggest the other person is ignorant, incompetent, or in need of instruction beyond their abilities. It can be expressed verbally—such as phrases like “Let me explain this simply” or “Bless your heart” in some dialects—as well as through tone of voice, speed of speech, or dismissive gestures. Nonverbal cues, such as a smirk, a roll of the eyes, or a slow, explanatory cadence, can accompany condescension even without explicit statements.

Condescension can be deliberate, but it may also be unconscious or culturally reinforced, and it can arise in intimate relationships, workplaces, educational settings, or media representations.

Condescension often serves to reinforce social hierarchies by signaling dominance while appearing courteous or benevolent. Its effects can include reduced motivation, damaged self-esteem, eroded trust, and resistance or withdrawal.

Distinguishing condescension from respectful guidance or mentoring requires attention to intent, autonomy, and the recipient’s agency. Responding strategies include setting clear boundaries, requesting respectful communication, and evaluating whether feedback is supportive rather than belittling.