charger

A charger is a device that provides electrical energy to recharge a rechargeable battery, typically by converting power from an AC outlet or another source into a controlled DC output. Chargers are used across consumer electronics, portable tools, and electric vehicles, where reliable charging is essential for operation and readiness.

Chargers are broadly categorized as wired or wireless. Wired chargers include wall adapters, car chargers, and docking stations that deliver power through cables and connectors such as USB-C, USB-A, micro-USB, or proprietary interfaces. Wireless chargers use inductive or resonant coupling, most commonly following the Qi standard, to transfer energy without direct electrical contact.

To maximize safety and charging speed, devices and chargers negotiate voltage and current using charging protocols such as USB Power Delivery, USB Battery Charging Specification, and various fast-charge schemes. Common safety features include overcurrent and overvoltage protection, short-circuit protection, temperature monitoring, and auto shutoff when the battery reaches full capacity.

Efficiency and regulatory standards govern modern chargers. Efficient designs reduce idle power consumption and heat generation, while certifications from safety bodies (for example UL or CE) help ensure compliance with electrical safety and performance requirements. In high‑power applications, such as electric vehicle charging, dedicated high‑voltage DC chargers and cooling systems are used.

Historically, the term charger can also denote a horse trained to bear riders, especially in battle or parade contexts.