cavitys

Cavities, commonly called dental caries, are lesions on teeth caused by the demineralization and destruction of hard dental tissues due to acid produced by bacteria in dental plaque. The process starts when acid-forming bacteria metabolize fermentable carbohydrates in the diet, lowering the local pH and dissolving enamel minerals. If not halted, the decay can progress to dentin and, in advanced cases, to the pulp and surrounding tissues.

Symptoms vary with the stage of decay. Early lesions may be asymptomatic, while more extensive decay can cause tooth sensitivity, pain when biting, or visible holes or pits in a tooth. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and radiographs, such as bitewing X-rays, to detect decay between teeth and under the surface.

Prevention emphasizes reducing acid production and strengthening tooth structure. This includes thorough daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste, regular flossing, professional fluoride applications, dental sealants on vulnerable surfaces, limiting sugary and acidic foods, and maintaining regular dental checkups.

Risk factors for cavities include high sugar intake, infrequent dental care, low fluoride exposure, dry mouth, certain medications or medical conditions, and poor overall oral hygiene. Treatments depend on decay extent. Early lesions may remineralize with fluoride; established decay requires removing decayed tissue and restoring the tooth with fillings using composite resin, amalgam, or glass ionomer materials. More extensive decay may necessitate crowns, root canal therapy, or extraction.

Cavities are among the most common chronic diseases worldwide, contributing to discomfort, functional impairment, and tooth loss if untreated. Public health efforts emphasize prevention, early detection, and access to affordable dental care.